THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFESTYLE AND PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA IN NURSING STUDY PROGRAM STUDENTS AT STIKES ABDI NUSANTARA

. In general, the treatment of dysmenorrhea is divided into two categories, namely pharmacological and non-Background : According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in Sulistyorini's research (2017), the incidence of dysmenorrhea is quite high throughout the world. The average incidence of dysmenorrhea in young women is between 16.8-181%. On average in European countries dysmenorrhea occurs in 45-97% of women. with the lowest prevalence in Bulgaria (8.8%) and the highest at 94% in Finland. The highest prevalence of dysmenorrhea is often found in adolescent girls, which is estimated to be between 20-90%. About 15% of adolescents are reported to experience severe dysmenorrhea. Objective: To obtain or find out information about the relationship of lifestyle with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in Nursing Undergraduate Study Program students at Stikes Abdi Nusantara for the period of July 2020. Method: The research design used was analytical research with cross sectional approach, the samples in this study were all female students of Nursing Study Program at Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta. Results : Respondents with primary dysmenorrhea were 91.5%, respondents who said stress were 27.1%. Respondents with high fast food consumption were 83.6%. Respondents with passive smoking were 47.5%. Statistical results between primary dysmenorrhea and incidence of stress (p = 0.73 and OR 0.6), fast food consumption (p = 0.027 and OR = 4.029), and passive smoking (p = 0.247 and OR = 1.904). Conclusions and suggestions : There is no relationship between stress and passive smoking with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea. There is a relationship between fast food consumption and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in S1 nursing study program students at Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta. It is recommended that nursing undergraduate students avoid unhealthy lifestyles such as reducing consumption of fast food in order to reduce the risk of primary dysmenorrhea.


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pharmacological approaches.Non-pharmacological treatment includes regular exercise, warm compresses, rest and relaxation.
According to Bavil, et al (2016), one of the causative factors of primary dysmenorrhea is lifestyle.Lifestyle that can affect primary dysmenorrhea can be divided into physical activity, stress, fast food consumption, smoking/passive smoking.Research conducted by Bavil et al. in 2016 the Faculty of Medicine, Sari University in Iran found that there are differences between the lifestyles of young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea.It was explained that lifestyle in the form of infrequent physical activity, stress and smoking both as active and passive smokers exist in women with primary dysmenorrhea.The first influential lifestyle is physical activity.There is a relationship between rarely doing physical activity with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea.
Research conducted by Nada Ismalia 2015, found that there is a significant relationship between physical activity and primary dysmenorrhea.There is no significant relationship between stress and primary dysmenorrhea.There is a significant relationship between fast food consumption and primary dysmenorrhea.There was no significant relationship between passive smoking and primary dysmenorrhea in female students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, class of 2015.
According to Chen et al. in TA Larasati and Faridah Alatas' research (2016), epidemiological studies show a relationship between dysmenorrhea and several environmental risk factors, including smoking and coffee consumption.in 165 women who were exposed to cigarette smoke and consumed coffee, 13.3% of them suffered from dysmenorrhea.A study shows a relationship between dysmenorrhea and women who are passively exposed to cigarette smoke.It has been reported that women who are passively exposed to cigarette smoke suffer from dysmenorrhea for a longer time than those who are not exposed.The effect of passive smoking on dysmenorrhea was observed to increase by 30% compared to those who did not smoke passively.
Based on a preliminary study conducted at Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta on 20 nursing students, it was found that 20 people (90%) had primary dysmenorrhea.This is greater than at Stikes Bani Saleh, where 16 female students (80%) experienced primary dysmenorrhea.Therefore, the author is interested in conducting research with the title: The relationship between lifestyle and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in study program students Research conducted by Nada Ismalia 2015, found that there is a significant relationship between physical activity and primary dysmenorrhea.There is no significant relationship between stress and primary dysmenorrhea.There is a significant relationship between fast food consumption and primary dysmenorrhea.There was no significant relationship between passive smoking and primary dysmenorrhea in female students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, class of 2015.
According to Chen et al. in TA Larasati and Faridah Alatas' research (2016), epidemiological studies show a relationship between dysmenorrhea and several environmental risk factors, including smoking and coffee consumption.in 165 women who were exposed to cigarette smoke and consumed coffee, 13.3% of them suffered from dysmenorrhea.A study shows a relationship between dysmenorrhea and women who are passively exposed to cigarette smoke.It has been reported that women who are passively exposed to cigarette 64 smoke suffer from dysmenorrhea for a longer time than those who are not exposed.The effect of passive smoking on dysmenorrhea was observed to increase by 30% compared to those who did not smoke passively.
Based on a preliminary study conducted at Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta on 20 nursing students, it was found that 20 people (90%) had primary dysmenorrhea.This is greater than at Stikes Bani Saleh, where 16 female students (80%) experienced primary dysmenorrhea.Therefore, the authors are interested in conducting research with the title: The relationship between lifestyle and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in female students of the Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta Bachelor of Nursing Study Program for the July 2020 period.
This study used a quantitative research design with a cross sectional approach.With a sample of 50 respondents.The tools used to collect data were the FFQ questionnaire and nutritional status, tensimeter, microtoise and bathroom scale and digital scales.The analysis used in this study was univariate analysis which included age, sex, recent education, diet, nutritional status and incidence of hypertension.Meanwhile, bivariate analysis in this study was used to determine the relationship between diet and nutritional status with the incidence of hypertension in the outpatient ward of the Happy Public Health Center in 2023.

Relationship of Stress with Primary Dysmenorrhea
Research conducted at Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta found that out of 129 respondents who said they were not stressed, 119 (90.7%) had primary dysmenorrhea and 12 (9.3%)did not have primary dysmenorrhea.Meanwhile, of the 48 respondents who said they were stressed, 45 (93.7%) had primary dysmenorrhea and 3 (6.3%) said they had no primary dysmenorrhea.
The statistical test results of this study used the chi-square test with a p-value of 0.73 which showed that there was no relationship between stress and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in female students of the S1 Nursing Study Program, Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta.OR = 0.6 (less than 1) which indicates that the relationship between stress and primary dysmenorrhoea is not strong.

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The results of the study are in line with those conducted by Diana Sari (2015) concerning the relationship between stress and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in medical students at the medical faculty of Andalas University, showing that respondents who experienced mild primary dysmenorrhea were mostly experienced by respondents who experienced mild stress (54%).Respondents who experienced moderate dysmenorrhea were 55% and respondents who experienced severe dysmenorrhea were mostly experienced by respondents who experienced severe stress (82%).Based on statistical tests, the value of p = 0.6 was obtained.It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between stress levels and the degree of primary dysmenorrhea in medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University.
Stress is one of the physiological, psychological and behavioral responses in adapting to internal and external pressures.Adolescence is often said to be a period of "storm and pressure" or storm and stress, a time when emotional tension increases due to physical and glandular changes that cause adolescents to be very sensitive and prone to stress.At times of stress, the body will produce excessive estrogen and prostaglandin hormones, causing an increase in uterine contractions excessively resulting in pain during menstruation.The adrenaline hormone also increases and causes the body's muscles to tense up including the uterine muscles and become painful during menstruation.(Sari, Adnil & Defrin, 2015).

The Relationship between Fast Food Consumption and Primary Dysmenorrhea
From the research results, it can be seen that of the 29 respondents who stated that their fast food consumption was low, 23 (79.3%) experienced primary dysmenorrhea and 5 (20.7%) respondents did not experience primary dysmenorrhea.Of the 148 respondents who stated that they consumed high levels of fast food, 139 (93.9%) stated that they experienced primary dysmenorrhea, and 9 (6.1%) respondents did not experience primary dysmenorrhea.
The statistical test results of this research used the chi-square test with a p-value of 0.023 which shows that there is a relationship between fast food consumption and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in students of the Abdi Nusantara Jakarta S1 Nursing Study Program.The OR value is 4.029 which means that female students who consume high amounts of fast food have a 4.029 chance of experiencing primary dysmenorrhea.
The results of this research are in accordance with research conducted (F, Nuzula & Oktaviana, M. N. ( 2019).The majority of respondents consumed fast food as many as 38 respondents (63.3%) and 34 of them experienced (75.6%) dysmenorrhea, obtained x2 test results with a p value = 0.001 is smaller than α = 0.05, so the conclusion is that there is a relationship between fast food consumption and the incidence of dysmenorrhea in second year female students at the Rustida Krikilan Health Academy Hussein (2013) explains that the intake of unsaturated fatty acids in the diet is the beginning of the prostaglandin release cascade which causes dysmenorrhea.Fast food also contains trans fatty acids which are a source of free radicals.One of the effects of free radicals is damage to cell membranes (Messier, 2009).If the body consumes more and more fast food, the more prostaglandins in the body will cause dysmenorrhea.(F Nuzula & Oktaviana, M. N. (2019).

Relationship of passive smoking with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea
From the research results, it can be seen that of the 84 respondents, 79 (94%) of respondents stated that they were passive smokers who stated that they had primary dysmenorrhea, while 5 (6%) respondents did not have primary dysmenorrhea.Of the 93 (100%) respondents who said they were not passive smokers, 83 (89.2%) respondents said they had primary dysmenorrhea and 9 (98.5%) said they did not have primary dysmenorrhea.
The statistical test results of this research used the Chi-square test with a p-value of 0.247 which shows that there is no relationship between the consumption of passive smoke and primary dysmenorrhea in undergraduate nursing students at Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta.The OR value is 1.904 which means that female students who are passive smokers 1.904 times experience primary dysmenorrhea.
According to Megawati (2006) in research (F Nuzula & Oktaviana, M. N. ( 2019).smoking can cause dysmenorrhea because cigarettes contain substances that can affect estrogen metabolism, while estrogen plays a role in regulating the menstrual process and estrogen levels must be sufficient in the body.Estrogen if the levels are high less it will interfere with metabolism so that it will cause disturbances in the reproductive organs including dysmenorrhea.
The results of this study are in contrast to the results of research conducted (Novella Putri Whanda 2019) bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test, the result was p=0.029 (p<0.05) which shows that there is a significant relationship between exposure to environmental cigarette smoke and primary dysmenorrhea in student of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, Grogol, West Jakarta.
The conclusions obtained from research conducted on 177 students of the Abdi Nusantara Jakarta S1 Nursing Study Program are as follows.The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in female students of the Bachelor of Nursing Study Program at Stikes Abdi Nusantara Jakarta for the July 2020 period was 91.5% (164 respondents).
There is no relationship between stress and passive smoking and primary dysmenorrhea in students of the Abdi Nusantara Jakarta S1 Nursing Study Program.